Silvio Berlusconi 2010 Silvio Berlusconi Images

Infobox Officeholder

honorific-prefix = Onorevole

name = Silvio Berlusconi
image = Silvio Berlusconi (2010).jpg
order= 74th, 79th and 81st

office = Prime Minister of Italy
president = Giorgio Napolitano
term_start = 8 May 2008
term_end =
predecessor = Romano Prodi
successor =
president2 = Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
deputy2 = Giulio Tremonti
Gianfranco Fini
Marco Follini
term_start2 = 11 June 2001
term_end2 = 17 May 2006
predecessor2 = Giuliano Amato
successor2 = Romano Prodi
president3 = Oscar Luigi Scalfaro
deputy3 = Giuseppe Tatarella
Roberto Maroni
term_start3 = 10 May 1994
term_end3 = 17 January 1995
predecessor3 = Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
successor3 = Lamberto Dini
office4 = Minister of Productive Activities
Acting
predecessor4 = Claudio Scajola
successor4 =
term_start4 = 5 May 2010
term_end4 = |office5 = Minister of Health
Acting
predecessor5 = Francesco Storace
successor5 = Livia Turco
term_start5 = 10 March 2006
term_end5 = 17 May 2006
office6 = Minister of Economy and Finance
Acting
term_start6 = 3 July 2004
term_end6 = 16 July 2004
predecessor6 = Giulio Tremonti
successor6 = Domenico Siniscalco
office7 = Minister of Foreign Affairs
Acting
term_start7 = 6 January 2002
term_end7 = 14 November 2002
predecessor7 = Renato Ruggiero
successor7 = Franco Frattini
office8 = Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy
constituency8 = XIX - Campania I
term_start8 = 21 April 1994
term_end8 = 13 April 2008
office9 = Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy
constituency9 = XVIII - Molise
term_start9 = 14 April 2008
term_end9 =
birth_date =
birth_place = Milan, Italy
death_date =
death_place =
party = The People of Freedom (since 2009)
otherparty = Forza Italia (1994–2008)
spouse = Carla Dall'Oglio (1965–1985)
Veronica Lario (1990–2010)
children = Marina
Pier Silvio
Barbara
Eleonora
Luigi
residence = Arcore, Italy
alma_mater = University of Milan
profession = Businessperson
religion = Roman Catholicism
signature = Silvio Berlusconi Signature.svg
(born 29 September 1936) is an Italian politician, the current Prime Minister of Italy, as well as a successful entrepreneur. He is the second longest-serving Prime Minister of Italy, a position he has held on three separate occasions: from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2006 and currently since 2008. Technically, Berlusconi has been sworn in four times because after a cabinet reshuffle, as happened with Berlusconi in 2005, the new ministry is sworn in and subjected to a vote of confidence. He is the leader of the People of Freedom political movement, a centreright party he founded in 2009. As of November 2009, he is the longest-serving current leader of a G8 country. As of 2010, ''Forbes'' magazine has ranked him as the 74th richest man in the world with a net worth of USD 9 billion . Berlusconi's political rise was rapid and surrounded by controversy. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the first time and appointed as Prime Minister following the March 1994 snap parliamentary elections, when Forza Italia gained a relative majority a mere three months after having been officially launched. However, his cabinet collapsed after seven months, due to internal disagreements in his coalition. In the April 1996 snap parliamentary elections, Berlusconi ran for Prime Minister again but was defeated by centre-left candidate Romano Prodi. In the May 2001 parliamentary elections, he was again the centre-right candidate for Prime Minister and won against the centre-left candidate Francesco Rutelli. Berlusconi then formed his second and third cabinets, until 2006. Berlusconi was leader of the centre-right coalition in the April 2006 parliamentary elections, which he lost by a very narrow margin, his opponent again being Romano Prodi. He was re-elected in the parliamentary elections of April 2008 following the collapse, on 24 January 2008, of Romano Prodi's government and sworn in as prime minister on 8 May 2008 (see also 2008 Italian political crisis).

Family background and private life

Berlusconi was born in Milan in 1936, and raised there in a low middle-class family. His father Luigi (1908–1989) was a bank employee, and his mother, Rosa Bossi (1911–2008), a housewife. Silvio was the first of three children; his siblings are Maria Francesca Antonietta Berlusconi (1943–2009) and Paolo Berlusconi (born 1949), now both entrepreneurs. After completing his secondary school education at a Salesian college, he studied law at the Università Statale in Milan, graduating with a thesis on the legal aspects of advertising in 1961. Berlusconi was not required to serve the standard one-year stint in the Italian army which was compulsory at the time.

cite book

| last = Guarino | first = Mario | authorlink = Mario Guarino | title = L'orgia del potere | publisher=Il Mulino | quote = [The author] claims that Berlusconi avoided it because he was the first-born child in his family. However, this did not constitute reasonable grounds for exemption
During his university studies he was an upright bass player in a group formed with the now Mediaset Chairman and amateur pianist Fedele Confalonieri and occasionally performed as a cruise ship crooner. In later life he wrote AC Milan's anthem with the Italian music producer and pop singer Tony Renis and Forza Italia's anthem with the opera director Renato Serio. With the Neapolitan singer Mariano Apicella he wrote two Neapolitan song albums: ''Meglio 'na canzone'' in 2003 and ''L'ultimo amore'' in 2006. In 1965, he married Carla Elvira Dall'Oglio, and they had two children: Maria Elvira, better known as Marina (born 1966), and Pier Silvio (b. 1969). By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario (born Miriam Bartolini), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara (b. 1984), Eleonora (b. 1986) and Luigi (b. 1988). He was divorced from Dall'Oglio in 1985, and married Lario in 1990. At this time, Berlusconi was a well-known entrepreneur, and his wedding was a notable social event. One of his best men was former Prime Minister and leader of the Italian Socialist Party Bettino Craxi. In May 2009, Lario announced that she was to file for divorce. (right), Prime Minister of Italy in 1984-1987.

Business career

Milano 2

Berlusconi's business career began in construction early in the 1960s. After a couple of sucessful projects, he affected in the latter part of that decade the construction of Milano 2, a huge residential project of about 10,500 apartments, which he eventually built in Segrate, an eastern suburb of Milan. The sources for financing these large projects have been obscure and links to the sicilian Mafia have been disputed

cite book

| last = Ginsborg | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ginsborg | title = Silvio Berlusconi: television, power and patrimony | publisher= Verso | location = London, New York | pages = 18-22
.

Telemilano

Berlusconi first entered the media world in 1973 by setting up a small cable television company, ''Telemilano'', to service units built on his Segrate properties. It began transmitting in September the following year. After buying two further channels, Berlusconi relocated the station to central Milan in 1977 and began broadcasting over the airwaves.

cite book

| last = Mastellarini | first = Gabriele | authorlink = Gabriele Mastellarini | title = Assalto alla stampa: Controllare i media per governare l’opinione pubblica | publisher=Dedalo | location = Bari | year = 2003 | pages = 159ff

Fininvest

In 1978 Berlusconi founded his first media group, Fininvest, and joined Propaganda 2 masonic lodge. In the five years leading up to 1983 he earned some 113 billion Italian liras (€58.3�million). The funding sources are still unknown because of the complex system of holding companies that makes them impossible to trace, despite investigations conducted by various state attorneys. Fininvest soon expanded into a country-wide network of local TV stations which had similar programming, forming, in effect, a single national network. This was seen as breaching the Italian public broadcaster RAI's statutory monopoly on creating a national network which was later abolished. In 1980 Berlusconi founded Italy's first private national network, Canale 5, followed shortly thereafter by Italia 1 which was bought from the Rusconi family in 1982, and Rete 4, which was bought from Mondadori in 1984. Berlusconi was assisted in his successful effort to create the first and only Italian commercial TV empire by his connections to Bettino Craxi, secretary-general of the Italian Socialist Party and also prime minister of Italy at that time, whose government passed, on 20 October 1984, an emergency decree legalising the nationwide transmissions made by Berlusconi's television stations. This was because, on 16 October 1984, judges in Turin, Pescara and Rome, enforcing a law which previously restricted nationwide broadcasting to RAI, had ordered these private networks to cease transmitting. After some political turmoil in 1985 the decree was approved definitively. But for some years, Berlusconi's three channels remained in a legal limbo, and were not therefore allowed, for instance, to broadcast news and political commentary. They were elevated to the status of full national TV channels in 1990 by the so-called Mammì law. In 1995, Berlusconi sold a portion of his media holdings, first to the German media group Kirch (now bankrupt) and then by public offer. In 1999 Berlusconi expanded his media interests by forming a partnership with Kirch called the ''Epsilon MediaGroup''.

cite book

| last1 = Altmeppen | first1 = Klaus-Dieter | authorlink1 = Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen | last2 = Karmasin | first2 = Matthias | authorlink2 = Matthias Karmasin | title = Medien und Ökonomie |language=German | publisher=VS Verlag | year = 2003 | quote = Leo Kirch und Silvio Berlusconi setzten 1999 eine schon bewährte Zusammenarbeit fort, also sie mit der Gründung des Gemeinschaftsunternehmens Epsilon Group auf die Entwicklung eines europaweiten Rundfunkverbundes zielten | page = 153

Personal fortune

According to Forbes, Berlusconi is Italy's third richest man, estimated to be worth $9.0�billion (US$) in 2010, owning assets in the fields of television, newspapers, publishing, cinema, finance, banking, insurance, and even sport. and currently operates in media and finance. With Ennio Doris he founded Mediolanum, one of the country's biggest banking and insurance groups. He has interests in cinema and home video distribution (Medusa Film and Penta Film). He is also the owner of A.C. Milan, one of Italy's most decorated soccer teams.

Political career

As he founded his Forza Italia party and entered politics, Berlusconi expressed his support for "freedom, the individual, family, enterprise, Italian tradition, Christian tradition and love for weaker people" A number of measures have been taken, with mixed results. The government, after introducing a controversial immigration law (the "Bossi-Fini" law, from the names of the Lega Nord and National Alliance leaders, as first authors of the text) is seeking the cooperation of European and other Mediterranean countries in reducing the large number of immigrants trying to reach Italian coasts on old and overloaded ferries and fishing boats, risking (and, often, losing) their lives.

Legal problems

Clear record up to now

Silvio Berlusconi has an extensive record of criminal allegations, including mafia collusion, false accounting, tax fraud, corruption and bribery of police officers and judges. Berlusconi has been tried in Italian courts in several cases. In three of these cases accusations were dropped by the judiciary because of laws passed by Berlusconi's parliamentary majority shortening the time limit for prosecution of various offences and making false accounting illegal only if there is a specific damaged party reporting the fact to the authorities. Some of his former prosecutors are members of the parliamentary opposition. Some of his attorneys are also members of parliament.

Delaying tactics

The Italian legal system, trying to contain the excessive length of judgments, allows the statute of limitations to continue to run during the course of the trial. Due to the unceasing slow justice system, the delaying tactics adopted by Berlusconi's attorneys (including repeated motions for change of venue) have served to nullify pending charges on many occasions. Some of Berlusconi's close collaborators, friends and firm managers have been found guilty of related crimes, notably his brother, Paolo, who in 2001 agreed to pay 100,000,000 Italian Liras (52,000 Euros) as a plea bargain for various charges including corruption.

False testimony regarding membership of the "Propaganda 2" (P2) masonic lodge

" (P2) masonic lodge In 1981, a scandal arose after the police discovery of Licio Gelli's secret freemasonry lodge Propaganda 2 (P2), which aimed to change the Italian political system to a more authoritarian regime to oppose communism. The list of people involved in P2 included members of the secret services and some prominent characters from political arena, business, military and media. Silvio Berlusconi, who was then just starting to gain popularity as the founder and owner of "Canale 5" TV channel, was listed as a member of P2. The P2 lodge was dissolved by the Italian Parliament in December 1981 and a law was passed declaring similar organisations illegal, but no specific crimes were alleged against individual members of the P2 lodge. Berlusconi later (in 1989) sued three journalists for libel for writing articles hinting at his involvement in financial crimes. In court, he declared that he had joined the P2 lodge "only for a very short time before the scandal broke" and "he had not even paid the entry fee". Such statements conflicted with the findings of the parliamentary inquiry commission appointed to investigate the lodge's activity, with material evidence, and even with previous testimony of Berlusconi, all of which proved that he had actually been a member of P2 since 1978 and had indeed paid 100,000 Italian liras (52 Euros) as an entry fee. In 1990 the court of appeal of Venice found Berlusconi guilty of false testimony in front of the Court of Verona, however the court did not proceed as far as emitting a sentence because the wrongdoing had been extinguished by an amnesty passed in 1989.

cite book

|last1= Gomez |first1= Peter |authorlink1= Peter Gomez |last2= Travaglio |first2= Marco |authorlink2= Marco Travaglio |title=La repubblica delle banane |year=2001 |month=June |publisher=Editori Riuniti |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=88-359-4915-7 |pages=533–543
Some political commentators claim that Berlusconi's electoral programme followed the P2 plan.

"Jowellgate"/David Mills bribery case

The link between him and the difficulties of British Culture Secretary, Tessa Jowell, has attracted less media attention in Italy than in the United Kingdom, where the media has sensed a whiff of something scandalous (or at least hypocritical and embarrassing) for the government. David Mills, lawyer husband of the British cabinet minister in the Blair government, had acted for Berlusconi in the early 1990s and has been accused by Italian prosecutors of money laundering and of accepting a gift from Berlusconi in return for friendly evidence given as a prosecution witness against Berlusconi. However, Mills has asserted that the money in question did not come from Berlusconi but from another client. No formal indictment has yet been issued but on 10 March 2006 it was reported that prosecuting magistrates in Italy had submitted evidence to a judge, seeking an indictment for bribery against Berlusconi and Mills²⁷: all parties vehemently deny wrong-doing and Berlusconi commented that the timing showed that the prosecution is political. Berlusconi denied meeting Mills. The British media have not yet unearthed anything to warrant Jowell's resignation or which proves the guilt of Mills, Berlusconi or their intermediaries. Mills separated from his wife around this time. On 17 February 2009, Mills was found guilty of accepting a bribe of about 400,000 Sterling Pounds, allegedly from Silvio Berlusconi. Mills was sentenced to four-and-a-half years in prison

Controversies

Conflict of interests

According to journalists Marco Travaglio and Enzo Biagi, Berlusconi entered politics to save his companies from bankruptcy and himself from convictions.

cite book

|last1= Travaglio |first1= Marco |authorlink1= Marco Travaglio |last2= Gomez |first2= Peter |authorlink2= Peter Gomez |title = Inciucio |publisher=RCS MediaGroup |year = 2005 |isbn = 88-17-01020-0
From the very beginning he said it clearly to his associates. Berlusconi's supporters hailed him as the "new man", an outsider who was going to bring a new efficiency to the public bureaucracy and reform the state from top to bottom. While investigating these matters, three journalists noted the following facts:
Mediobanca's annual report about the 10 biggest Italian companies showed that, in 1992, Berlusconi's media and finance group Fininvest had about 7,140�billion lire of debts, 8,193�billion lire of assets (with 35% of liquidity) and a net worth of 1,053�billion lire. The asset-debt ratio represented a patrimonial situation bordering on bankruptcy.
Between 1992 and 1993, Fininvest was investigated several times by prosecutors in Milan, Turin and Rome. The investigations regarded: alleged bribes (to political parties and public officials with the aim of getting contracts), alleged fake invoicing by Publitalia, the financing of political congresses and abuse of television frequencies.
On the other hand Bruno Vespa noticed that "In January 1994, Silvio Berlusconi was under no proceedings. Two members of the staff from the Ministry of the Finances were charged to be corrupted for a minor episode by a Fininvest manager, but the accusation would have later fallen. Aldo Brancher, who was working with Fininvest at the time, was charged for having financed some stands at the "Feste dell'Unità" and "L'Avanti!", and he would have been declared fully not guilty only in 2004. Paolo Berlusconi [Silvio Berlusconi's brother] was instead arrested [...] after the Cavaliere went into politics." After having decided to enter the political arena, Berlusconi was investigated for forty different inquests in less than two years.

cite book

|last1= Vespa |first1= Bruno |authorlink1= Bruno Vespa |title = Storia d'Italia da Mussolini a Berlusconi |publisher=Rai Eri - Mondadori |year = 2004
Berlusconi owns via Mediaset 3 of 7 national tv channels: (Canale 5 Italia 1 and Rete 4). To better understand the controversies over a conflict of interest between Berlusconi's personal business empire and his political office, it is necessary to look at the structure of governmental control over State television. Under the law, the Speakers of the two Houses appoint the RAI president and board of directors. In practice, the decision is a political one, generally resulting in some opposition representatives becoming directors, while top managerial posts go to people sympathetic to the government. It was normal to have two directors and the president belonging to the parliamentary majority, and two directors who are opposition supporters. A parliamentary supervisory commission also exists, whose president is traditionally a member of the opposition. During the tenure of Mr. Baldassarre as RAI president, the two opposition directors and the one closer to the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats left over internal disagreements that mainly regarded censorship issues. RAI continued to be run by a two-man team (mockingly nicknamed by the opposition ''the Japanese'' after the Japanese soldiers who kept fighting on in the Pacific Ocean after the end of World War II). The former Italian center-left coalition of Romano Prodi was often criticised for failing to pass a law to regulate the potential ''conflict of interest'' that might arise between media ownership and the holding of political office, despite having governed Italy for an entire legislature from 1996 to 2001. In 2002, Luciano Violante, a prominent member of the Left, said in a speech in Parliament: "Honourable Anedda, I invite you to ask the honourable Berlusconi, because he certainly knows that he received a full guarantee in 1994, when the government changed�— that TV stations would not be touched. He knows it and the Honourable Letta knows it." The authors of the book ''Inciucio''²⁶ cite this sentence as evidence for the idea that the Left made a deal with Berlusconi in 1994, in which a promise was made not to honour a law in the Constitutional Court of Italy that would have required Berlusconi to give up one of his three TV channels in order to uphold pluralism and competition. According to the authors, this would be an explanation of why the Left, despite having won the 1996 elections, didn't pass a law to solve the conflicts of interest between media ownership and politics. Controversy concerning Berlusconi's 'conflicts of interest' are usually centred around the use of his media and marketing power for political gain. However, there is also controversy regarding his financial gains. When RAI was being run by a two-man team appointed by the presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate (both in Berlusconi's coalition), the state broadcaster increased its viewers, but lost a significant share of its advertising revenue to the rival Mediaset group, owned and run by the Berlusconi family, which has led to large personal gain. Betlusconi's governments has passed some laws that have shortened statutory terms for tax fraud. Berlusconi responded to critics by saying that he would not take advantage of these himself, but later did. Romano Prodi, who defeated Berlusconi in 2006, claimed that these were ''ad personam laws,'' meant to solve Berlusconi's problems and defend his interests.

Friendship with Bettino Craxi

Berlusconi's career as an entrepreneur is also often questioned by his detractors. The allegations made against him generally include suspicions about the extremely fast increase of his activity as a construction entrepreneur in years 1961-63, hinting at the possibility that in those years he received money from unknown and possibly illegal sources. These accusations are regarded by Berlusconi and his supporters as empty slander, trying to undermine Berlusconi's reputation of a self-made man. Frequently cited by opponents are also events dating to the 1980s, including supposed "favour exchanges" between Berlusconi and Bettino Craxi, the former Socialist prime minister and leader of the Italian Socialist Party convicted in 1994 for various corruption charges.The Milan magistrates who indicted and successfully convicted Mr. Craxi in their "Clean Hands" investigation laid bare an entrenched system in which businessmen paid more than hundreds of millions of dollars to political parties or individual politicians in exchange for sweetheart deals with Italian state companies and the government itself. Berlusconi acknowledges a personal friendship with Craxi.

Legislative changes

On some occasions, which raised a strong upheaval in the Italian political opposition, laws passed by the Berlusconi administration have effectively delayed ongoing trials on him. Relevant examples are the law reducing punishment for all cases of false accounting and the law on ''legitimate suspicion'', which allowed defendants to request their cases to be moved to another court if they believe that the local judges are biased against them.^{7, 8} Because of these legislative actions, political opponents accuse Berlusconi of passing these laws on the purpose of protecting himself from legal charges. An enquiry realised by the newspaper "La Repubblica" sustained that Berlusconi passed 17 different laws which have advantaged himself; Berlusconi and his allies, on the other hand, maintain that such laws are consistent with everyone's right to a rapid and just trial, and with the principle of ''presumption of innocence'' (garantismo); furthermore, they claim that Berlusconi is being subjected to a political "witch hunt", orchestrated by certain (allegedly left-wing) judges¹¹. For such reasons, Berlusconi and his government have an ongoing quarrel with the Italian judiciary, which reached its peak in 2003 when Berlusconi commented to a foreign journalist that judges are "mentally disturbed" and "anthropologically different from the rest of the human race", remarks that he later claimed he meant to be directed to specific judges only, and of a humorous nature¹². More seriously, the Berlusconi administration has long been planning a judiciary reform intended to limit the flexibility currently enjoyed by judges and magistrates in their decision-making, but which, according to its critics, will instead limit the magistrature's independence, by ''de facto'' subjecting the judiciary to the executive's control. This reform has met almost unanimous dissent from the Italian judges^{13, 14} and, after three years of debate and struggle, was passed by the Italian parliament in December 2004, but was immediately vetoed by the Italian President, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ¹⁵, who said some of the passed laws were "clearly unconstitutional". Berlusconi has also been indicted in Spain for charges of tax fraud and violation of anti-trust laws regarding the private Television network Telecinco, but his status as a member of the European Parliament allowed him to gain immunity from prosecution until 2005.¹⁶ All the accused have been acquitted by the Spanish "Corte de Casacion" in July 2008. During the night hours between 5 and 6 March 2010, Berlusconi-led Italy's government passed a decree ''interpretating'' the electoral law so as to let the PDL candidate run for governor in Lazio after she had failed to properly register for the elections. The Italian Constitution states that electoral procedures can only be changed in Parliament, and must not be changed by governmental decree. Italy's President, whose endorsement of the decree was required by law, said amid much controversy that the measure taken by the government may not violate the Constitution.

Alleged links to the Mafia

Silvio Berlusconi has never been tried on charges relating to the ''Cosa Nostra'', although several Mafia turncoats have stated that Berlusconi had connections with the Sicilian criminal association. The claims arise mostly from the hiring of Vittorio Mangano, charged for Mafia association, as a gardener and stable-man at Berlusconi's Villa San Martino in Arcore, a small town near Milan. It was Berlusconi's friend Marcello Dell'Utri (convicted of extortion in association with Cosa Nostra in 2004) who introduced Mangano to Berlusconi in 1973. Berlusconi denied any ties to the Mafia. Marcello Dell'Utri even stated that the Mafia did not exist at all. Heated debate on this issue emerged again in 2004 when Dell'Utri, the manager of Berlusconi's publishing company Publitalia '80 and a Forza Italia senator was sentenced to nine years by a Palermo court on charge of "external association to the Mafia", a sentence describing Dell'Utri as a mediator between the economical interests of Berlusconi and members of the criminal organisation. Berlusconi refused to comment on the sentence. In 1996, a Mafia informer, Salvatore Cancemi, declared that Berlusconi and Dell'Utri were in direct contact with Salvatore Riina, head of the Sicilian Mafia in the 1980s and 90s. Cancemi disclosed that Fininvest, through Marcello Dell'Utri and mafioso Vittorio Mangano, had paid Cosa Nostra 200�million lire (100 000 euro) annually. The alleged contacts, according to Cancemi, were to lead to legislation favourable to Cosa Nostra, in particular the harsh 41-bis prison regime. The underlying premise was that Cosa Nostra would support Berlusconi's Forza Italia party in return for political favours. After a two-year investigation, magistrates closed the inquiry without charges. They did not find evidence to corroborate Cancemi’s allegations. Similarly, a two-year investigation, also launched on evidence from Cancemi, into Berlusconi’s alleged association with the Mafia was closed in 1996. According to yet another mafia turncoat, Antonino Giuffrè�– arrested on 16 April 2002�– the Mafia turned to Berlusconi's Forza Italia party to look after the Mafia's interests, after the decline in the early 1990s of the ruling Christian Democrat party, whose leaders in Sicily looked after the Mafia's interests in Rome. The Mafia's fall out with the Christian Democrats became clear when Salvo Lima was killed in March 1992. "The Lima murder marked the end of an era," Giuffrè told the court. "A new era opened with a new political force on the horizon which provided the guarantees that the Christian Democrats were no longer able to deliver. To be clear, that party was Forza Italia." Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano told Giuffrè that they "were in good hands" with Dell'Utri, who was a "serious and trustworthy person". Provenzano stated that the Mafia's judicial problems would be resolved within 10 years after 1992, thanks to the undertakings given by Forza Italia. Giuffrè also said that Berlusconi himself used to be in touch with Stefano Bontade, a top Mafia boss, in the mid 1970s. At the time Berlusconi still was just a wealthy real estate developer and started his private television empire. Bontade visited Berlusconi's villa in Arcore through his contact Vittorio Mangano. Dell'Utri's lawyer, Enrico Trantino, dismissed Giuffrè’s allegations as an "anthology of hearsay". He said Giuffrè had perpetuated the trend that every new turncoat would attack Dell'Utri and the former Christian Democrat prime minister Giulio Andreotti in order to earn money and judicial privileges. In October 2009, Gaspare Spatuzza, a Mafioso turned pentito in 2008, has confirmed Giuffrè statements. Spatuzza testified that his boss Giuseppe Graviano had told him in 1994 that Berlusconi was bargaining with the Mafia, concerning a political-electoral agreement between Cosa Nostra and Berlusconi’s Forza Italia. Spatuzza said Graviano disclosed the information to him during a conversation in a bar Graviano owned in the upscale Via Veneto district of the Italian capital Rome. Dell'Utri was the intermediary, according to Spatuzza. Dell'Utri has dismissed Spatuzza's allegations as "nonsense". Berlusconi’s lawyer and MP for the PdL, Niccolò Ghedini said that "the statements given by Spatuzza about prime minister Berlusconi are baseless and can be in no way verified." .

Friendship with Vladimir Putin

Berlusconi has a warm relationship with Vladimir Putin. In November 2007 Italy’s state-owned energy company Eni signed an agreement with Russian state-owned Gazprom to build the controversial South Stream pipeline.

''The Economist''

One of Berlusconi's strongest critics in the media outside Italy is the British weekly ''The Economist'' (nicknamed by Berlusconi ''"The Ecommunist"''), which in its issue of the 26 April 2001 carried a title on its front cover, 'Why Silvio Berlusconi is unfit to lead Italy'.

cite book

|last = Ginsborg |first = Paul |authorlink = Paul Ginsborg |title = Italy and Its Discontents |year = 2003 |publisher=Penguin Books |location = London |page = 318 |isbn =
The war of words between Berlusconi and ''The Economist'' has gained notoriety, with Berlusconi taking the publication to court in Rome and ''The Economist'' publishing letters against him. because of his numerous conflicts of interest. Berlusconi claimed the article contained "a series of old accusations" that was an "insult to truth and intelligence". According to ''The Economist'''s findings, Berlusconi, while Prime Minister of Italy, retained effective control of 90% of all national television broadcasting. This figure included stations he owns directly as well as those over which he had indirect control by dint of his position as Prime Minister and his ability to influence the choice of the management bodies of these stations. ''The Economist'' has also claimed that the Italian Prime Minister is corrupted and self-serving. A key journalist for ''The Economist'', David Lane, has set out many of these charges in his book ''Berlusconi's Shadow''.

cite book

| last = Lane | first = David | authorlink = David Lane | title = Berlusconi's Shadow | year = 2005 | publisher=Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 0-141-01770-8
Lane points out that Berlusconi has not defended himself in court against the main charges, but has relied upon political and legal manipulations, most notably by changing the statute of limitation to prevent charges being completed in the first place. In order to publicly prove the truth of the documented accusations contained in their articles, the newspaper has publicly challenged Berlusconi to sue ''The Economist'' for libel. Berlusconi did so, losing versus ''The Economist'', and being charged for all the trial costs on 5 September 2008, when the Court in Milan issued a judgment rejecting all Mr Berlusconi's claims and sentenced him to compensate for legal expenses.

Media control

Berlusconi's extensive control over the media has been widely criticised by both analysts

cite book

| last = Hine | first = David | authorlink = David Hine | coauthors = | title = Silvio Berlusconi, i media e il conflitto di interesse | publisher=Il Mulino | year = 2002 | location = | pages = 291–307 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =
and press freedom organisations, who allege Italy's media has limited freedom of expression. The ''Freedom of the Press 2004 Global Survey'', an annual study issued by the American organisation Freedom House, downgraded Italy's ranking from 'Free' to 'Partly Free' Berlusconi's influence over RAI became evident when in Sofia, Bulgaria he expressed his views on journalists Enzo Biagi and Michele Santoro, and comedian Daniele Luttazzi. Berlusconi said that they "use television as a criminal means of communication". They lost their jobs as a result.

cite book

| last1 = Gomez | first1 = Peter | authorlink1 = Peter Gomez | last2 = Travaglio | first2 = Marco | authorlink2 = Marco Travaglio | title = Regime | publisher=RCS MediaGroup | year = 2004 | location = Milan | pages = 28–258
This statement was called by critics "''Editto Bulgaro''". The TV broadcasting of a satirical programmme called ''RAIot'' was censored in November 2003 after the comedienne Sabina Guzzanti, made outspoken criticism of the Berlusconi media empire. Mediaset, one of Berlusconi's companies, sued RAI over Guzzanti's program, demanding 20�million euros for "damages"; in November 2003 the show was cancelled by the president of RAI, Lucia Annunziata. The details of the event were made into a Michael Moore-style documentary called ''Viva Zapatero!'', which was produced by Guzzanti. Mediaset, Berlusconi's television group, has stated that it uses the same criteria as the public (state-owned) television RAI in assigning a proper visibility to all the most important political parties and movements (the so-called 'Par Condicio') - which has been since often disproved. Enrico Mentana, the news anchor long seen as a guarantor of Canale 5’s independence, walked out in April 2008, saying that he no longer felt “at home in a group that seems like an electoral (campaign) committee” On 24 June 2009, Silvio Berlusconi during the Confindustria young members congress in Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy has invited the advertisers to interrupt or boycott the advertising contracts with the magazines and newspapers published by Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso, On 12 October 2009, Silvio Berlusconi during the Confindustria Monza and Brianza members congress, has again invited the industrialists present to a "widespread rebellion" against a "newspaper that hadn't any limits in discrediting the government and the country and indoctrinating foreign newspapers". In October 2009, Reporters Without Borders secretary-general declared that Berlusconi "is on the verge of being added to our list of Predators of Press Freedom", which would be a first for a European leader. He also added that Italy will probably be ranked last in the European Union in the upcoming edition of the RWB press freedom index.

Conflicts of interest

Berlusconi owns via Mediaset 3 of 7 national tv channels canale 5 Italia 1 and Rete 4. To better understand the controversies over a conflict of interest between Berlusconi's personal business empire and his political office, it is necessary to look at the structure of governmental control over State television. Under the law, the Speakers of the two Houses appoint the RAI president and board of directors. In practice, the decision is a political one, generally resulting in some opposition representatives becoming directors, while top managerial posts go to people sympathetic to the government. It was normal to have two directors and the president belonging to the parliamentary majority, and two directors who are opposition supporters. A parliamentary supervisory commission also exists, whose president is traditionally a member of the opposition. During the tenure of Mr. Baldassarre as RAI president, the two opposition directors and the one closer to the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats left over internal disagreements that mainly regarded censorship issues. RAI continued to be run by a two-man team (mockingly nicknamed by the opposition ''the Japanese'' after the Japanese soldiers who kept fighting on in the Pacific Ocean after the end of World War II). The former Italian Left coalition under Prodi was often criticised for failing to pass a law to regulate the potential ''conflict of interest'' that might arise between media ownership and the holding of political office, despite having governed Italy for an entire legislature from 1996 to 2001. In 2002, Luciano Violante, a prominent member of the Left, said in a speech in Parliament: "Honourable Anedda, I invite you to ask the honourable Berlusconi, because he certainly knows that he received a full guarantee in 1994, when the government changed�— that TV stations would not be touched. He knows it and the Honourable Letta knows it." The authors of the book ''Inciucio''²⁶ cite this sentence as evidence for the idea that the Left made a deal with Berlusconi in 1994, in which a promise was made not to honour a law in the Constitutional Court of Italy that would have required Berlusconi to give up one of his three TV channels in order to uphold pluralism and competition. According to the authors, this would be an explanation of why the Left, despite having won the 1996 elections, didn't pass a law to solve the conflicts of interest between media ownership and politics. Controversy concerning Berlusconi's ''conflicts of interest'' are normally centred around the use of his media and marketing power for political gain. However, there is also controversy regarding his financial gains. When RAI was being run by a two-man team appointed by the presidents of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate (both in Berlusconi's coalition), the state broadcaster increased its viewers, but lost a significant share of its advertising revenue to the rival Mediaset group, owned and run by the Berlusconi family, which has led to large personal gain. His government has passed some laws that have shortened statutory terms for tax fraud. Berlusconi responded to critics by saying that he would not take advantage of these himself, but later did. Romano Prodi, who defeated Berlusconi in 2006, claimed that these were ''ad personam laws,'' meant to solve Berlusconi's problems and defend his interests.

Remarks on western civilisation and Islam

After the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York, Berlusconi said: "We must be aware of the superiority of our civilisation, a system that has guaranteed well-being, respect for human rights and - in contrast with Islamic countries - respect for religious and political rights, a system that has as its value understanding of diversity and tolerance."

Wiretaps and accusations of corruption through the exploitation of prostitution

In December 2007 the audio recording of a phone call between Berlusconi, then leader of the opposition parties, and Agostino Saccà (general director of RAI) were published by the magazine ''L'espresso'' and caused a scandal in several media. The wiretap was being part of an investigation by the Public Prosecutor Office of Naples, where Berlusconi was investigated for corruption. In the phone call, Saccà expresses words of impassioned political support to Berlusconi and criticises the behaviour of Berlusconi's allies. Berlusconi urges Saccà to broadcast a telefilm series which was strongly advocated by his ally Umberto Bossi. Saccà laments that many people have spread rumours on this agreement causing problems to him. Then Berlusconi asks Saccà to find a job in RAI for a young woman explicitly telling him that this woman would serve as an asset in a secret exchange with a senator of the majority who would help him to cause Prodi, with his administration, to fall.

Right-to-die case

After the family of Eluana Englaro (who had been comatose for 17 years) succeeded in having her right to die recognised by the judges and getting doctors to start the process of allowing her to die in the way established by the court, Berlusconi issued a decree to stop the doctor from letting her die. Stating that, "This is murder. I would be failing to rescue her. I'm not a Pontius Pilate", Berlusconi went on to defend his decision by claiming that she was "in the condition to have babies", arguing that comatose women were still subject to menstruation.

Prostitution scandal and divorce

. At the end of April 2009, Veronica Lario wrote an open letter expressing her anger at Berlusconi's choice of young, attractive female candidates—some with little or no political experience—to represent the party in the 2009 European Parliament elections. Berlusconi demanded a public apology, claiming that for the third time his wife had "done this to me in the middle of an election campaign", and stated that there was little prospect of his marriage continuing. On 3 May, Veronica Lario announced she was filing for divorce following her husband's attendance at a girl's 18th birthday party in Casoria, Naples. In the following days Silvio Berlusconi gave explanations about the incident to press and television, However, on 14 May, newspaper ''la Repubblica'' published an article showing the many inconsistencies and contradictions arisen so far and formally asking Berlusconi to answer ten questions in order to clarify the situation. Ten days later, Letizia's ex-boyfriend Luigi Flaminio claimed that Berlusconi contacted the girl personally in October 2008, impressed by her "purity" and "angelic face" after seeing pictures of her in a photobook, brought to him by the journalist Emilio Fede (director of TG4). Flaminio also mentioned that she spent a week without her parents at Berlusconi's Sardinian villa around New Year's Eve 2009, On 28 May 2009, Silvio Berlusconi said that he never had "spicy" relations with Noemi Letizia, swearing also on his children's heads. He said also if had any such thing like this occurred, he would have resigned immediately. On 17 June 2009, Patrizia D'Addario, a 42-year old escort and retired actress Magistrates in Bari are investigating this case, since the common friend could be prosecuted for favouring prostitution. Silvio Berlusconi denied any knowledge of D'Addario being a paid escort: "I have never paid a woman - he declared - I have never understood what satisfaction there is if the pleasure of conquest is absent". Other young women have also described to the press the parties held in Berlusconi's Rome residence (Palazzo Grazioli): On 26 June 2009, the "10 questions" to Berlusconi were reformulated by ''la Repubblica'' newspaper, and then frequently republished on it. Berlusconi's lifestyle has raised eyebrows in Catholic circles, with vigorous criticism being expressed in particular by the newspaper ''Avvenire'', owned by the Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (Conference of Italian Bishops). This was followed by the publication in the newspaper il Giornale (owned by the Berlusconi family) of details with regard to legal proceedings against the editor of ''Avvenire'', Dino Boffo, which seemed to imply him for harassments case against the wife of his ex-partner. After a period of tense exchanges and polemics, on 3 September 2009, Boffo resigned from his editorial position On 22 September 2009, Silvio Berlusconi after a press conference declared that he has asked his ministers not to respond anymore to questions regarding "gossip". He has stated also that the Italian press should talk only about the "successes" of Italian Government in internal and foreign policies, adding also that the press now will be able only to ask questions such as "how many apartments will be given in L'Aquila", i.e. on his administration and not on gossip. During a contested

Jokes, gestures and blunders

Berlusconi is notorious for his questionable sense of humour. . In February 2002, at a European Union summit of foreign ministers, Berlusconi, who was present since the replacement of his previous foreign minister, Renato Ruggiero, had not yet been appointed, made a vulgar gesture (the "corna") behind the head of the Spanish foreign minister, Josep Piqué, intimating he was a cuckold during an official photo shoot. This is a common joke among Italian children, but many felt it was utterly out of place in an international meeting. He later explained that he "was just kidding", and was trying to create a relaxed atmosphere, that this sort of meeting was meant to "create friendship, cordiality, fondness and kind relationships" between the participants, and that he wanted to amuse a small group of Boy Scout bystanders. On 2 July 2003, one day after taking over the rotating presidency of the EU Council of Ministers, he was heavily criticised by the German SPD Member of the European Parliament Martin Schulz because of his domestic policy and his alleged links to the Mafia. Berlusconi responded: "Mr Schulz, I know a movie producer in Italy who is making a movie about Nazi concentration camps. I will recommend you for the role of a Kapo. You are perfect for the part!". Responding to the shoutings that then came from the Socialist backbenchers, Berlusconi insisted that he was only joking, but soon after accused Martin Schulz and others leftish MEPs to be "bad-willing tourists of democracy". His comparisons with the Nazis caused a brief cooling of Italy's relationship with Germany. In 2003, during an interview with Nicholas Farrell and Boris Johnson, then editor of ''The Spectator'' magazine, Berlusconi claimed that Mussolini "had been a benign dictator who did not murder opponents but sent them 'on holiday'". In mid-May 2005, while opening the European Food Safety Authority in Parma (preferred over a Finnish location, after Berlusconi made an assertion of Finns "not knowing what prosciutto is"), Berlusconi claimed that he had to "dust off my playboy skills" with the Finnish president, Tarja Halonen, to convince her to locate the EFSA in Parma. This caused criticism from both Italy and Finland, with the Italian ambassador in Finland being summoned by the Finnish foreign minister. In March 2006, Berlusconi defended accusations he made that the "Communists used to eat children", by responding with claims that "...�read the Black Book of Communism and you will discover that in the communist China of Mao, they did not eat children, but had them boiled to fertilise the fields". He later admitted, "It was questionable irony ... because this joke is questionable. But I did not know how to restrain myself." His political opponent Romano Prodi told the press, "The damage caused to Italy by an insult to 1.3�billion people is by all means a considerable one", and that Berlusconi's comments were "unthinkable". Berlusconi replied by gifting 1000 copies of the Black Book of Communism during one of his election rallies. On 4 April 2006, less than a week before the upcoming political elections in Italy, during a speech given at the National Chamber for Trade, Berlusconi stated that he holds "too high esteem of the Italians' intelligence to think that there are so many ''coglioni'' (literally "testicles", a vulgar term often used about people considered stupid) around voting against their interest". He later apologised for the "rude but effective language". At an awards dinner in January 2007, Berlusconi was quoted as saying, "If I wasn't already married, I would marry you right away," and "With you, I'd go anywhere" to Mara Carfagna, a representative of Forza Italia and former showgirl. These flirtatious comments prompted his wife Veronica to demand an apology in a front-page letter to the Italian newspaper la Repubblica, one of Berlusconi's rival publications. In a statement released through his political party, he begged for forgiveness and stated that he would "always protect [Veronica's] dignity." Mara Carfagna is now serving under him as minister for Equal Opportunities. In the run-up to the 2008 Italian general election, Berlusconi claimed that right-wing female politicians were better looking than their left-wing counterparts. His remarks provoked an angry reaction from Italian centre-left parties, which accused him of being sexist. Berlusconi was quoted as saying that when he looked round Parliament, he found that female politicians from the right were "more beautiful" and that "The left has no taste, even when it comes to women". During a televised encounter with voters on 10 April 2008 a young woman asked Silvio Berlusconi what the younger generation should do about the lack of secure jobs. He promptly suggested that she try to marry "the son of Berlusconi... with a smile like yours, you could try." Since the 2008 general election, Berlusconi has already begun to court controversy at European level. He has publicly criticised the current composition of the Council of Ministers of the Spanish Government as being too 'pink' by virtue of the fact that it has (once the President of the Council, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, is counted) an equal number of men and women. He also stated that he doubted that such a composition would be possible in Italy given the "prevalence of men" in Italian politics. At a joint press-conference at Villa La Certosa (17 April 2008) in Sardinia with the Russian president Vladimir Putin, a Russian journalist from Nezavisimaya Gazeta newspaper, Natalia Melikova, put a question to Putin, asking him if he intended divorcing his wife and marrying Alina Kabayeva, an Olympic gold medalist and an MP in Russia. When his guest showed annoyance, Berlusconi intervened with a gesture toward the journalist that imitated a gunman shooting. The journalist was reportedly reduced to tears. Putin denied rumours that he was to marry Kabaeva. A spokesman for Berlusconi tried to play down the shooting gesture. He said: "It was just a gesture, a playful gesture, in fact it was appreciated given the technical time needed for a long and tedious Russian translation." Afterwards, Melikova said: "I saw Berlusconi's gesture and I know he has a reputation as being a joker. I hope there are no consequences." Vittorio Feltri, founder and editor of the right-wing newspaper ''Libero'', argued that, given the records in transparency that Russia scores, Berlusconi actually 'saved' Melikova's life by making that gesture. Berlusconi and George W. Bush are known to be intimate friends and spend time together on Bush's Crawford, Texas ranch. He declared that he and Bush would "remain friends forever", nostalgic at the end of Bush's term as a president. On 6 November 2008, two days after Barack Obama was elected the first African-American US President, Berlusconi "complimented" Obama on his "suntan":

bquote|I will try to help relations between Russia and the United States where a new generation has come to power. I don't see problems for Medvedev to establish good relations with Obama because he is young, handsome and even tanned, therefore I think that a good cooperation can be developed.

On 26 March 2009 he added:

bquote|I'm paler [than Mr Obama], because it's been so long since I went sunbathing. He's more handsome, younger and taller.

Subsequently at a tent camp on the outskirts of L'Aquila housing some of the more than 30,000 people who lost their homes during the 2009 earthquake he said to an African priest:
Berlusconi then grabbed the priest and told him:

bquote|hold me tight and call me Papa.

On 18 November 2008, Berlusconi played "hide-and-seek" with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. He was set to receive Merkel but opted to hide behind a column while Merkel and her entourage walked by. According to reporters present, Berlusconi called out "coo coo", prompting Mrs Merkel to turn around, saying "Oh, Silvio". On 24 January 2009 Berlusconi announced his aim to enhance the numbers of military patrolling the Italian cities from 3000 to 30000 in order to crack down on what he called an "evil army" of criminals. Responding to a female journalist who asked him if this tenfold increase in patrolling soldiers would be enough to secure Italian women from being raped, he said:

bquote|We could not field a big enough force to avoid this risk [of rape]. We would need as many soldiers as beautiful women and I don't think that would be possible, because our women are so beautiful.
Opposition leaders called the remarks insensitive and in bad taste. Berlusconi retorted that he had merely wanted to compliment Italian women. Other critics accused him of creating a "police state".

On 3 April 2009, Berlusconi appeared to have annoyed Queen Elizabeth II at a photo session during the G20 summit. During the photo session, Berlusconi shouted "Mr Obama, Mr. Obama", prompting her to turn around and chastise Berlusconi, “What is it? Why does he have to shout?”. Two days after the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, devastating the capital city of the Abruzzo region and causing more than 290 deaths, Berlusconi said to ''n-tv'' that the people left homeless by the earthquake should view their experience as a camping weekend. In that occasion he asked woman councillor Lia Beltrami, "Can I fondle you?" on a tour of an earthquake site. On May 2009 Berlusconi said to a reporter while he was on a live television in Rome that when he was in Finland he had to travel three hours to see a two hundred year old church in the countryside. In his opinion that wooden church would have been destroyed if it was in Italy. Mr Berlusconi had made a non-official visit to Finland in 1999 and had never seen any Finnish church. He had just been visiting Iceland.

Assault at rally

On 13 December 2009 Berlusconi was hit in the face with an alabaster Italian president Giorgio Napolitano and politicians from all parties in Italy condemned the attack. In the night of 15–16 December a 26-year old man was stopped by police and Berlusconi's bodyguards while trying to gain access to Berlusconi's hospital room. A search revealed that he carried no weapons, although three hockey sticks and two knives were later found in his car. The suspect was known to have a history of mental illness and mandatory treatment in mental institutions. Berlusconi was discharged from hospital on 17 December 2009.

See also

List of billionaires
List of national leaders

References

Article ''Forza Bahamas'', in the column ''Bananas'' by Marco Travaglio (17 April 2005, L'Unità). This article has been also published in book ''Berluscomiche'' (Marco Travaglio, 2005, Garzanti Libri, ISBN 88-11-59765-X), pp.�431–433. It can be found at:
''Inciucio''. (Peter Gomez and Marco Travaglio, 2005, RCS MediaGroup, ISBN 88-17-01020-0 ).
"Italy bid for PM corruption trial", BBC News, 10 March 2006
"Berlusconi hands in resignation", BBC News, 2 May 2006
"Berlusconi: Left has uglier women"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8497827.stm

Bibliography

Il mistero Sindona
''Geschäfte mit dem Vatikan. Die Affäre Sindona.'' München 1987. ISBN 3-426-03970-2
Amedeo Benedetti, ''Il linguaggio e la retorica della nuova politica italiana: Silvio Berlusconi e Forza Italia'', Erga, Genova, 2004, ISBN 88-8163-363-9
''L'odore dei soldi. Origini e misteri delle fortune di Silvio Berlusconi'' (Elio Veltri and Marco Travaglio, 2001, Editori Riuniti, ISBN 88-359-5007-4 ).
Journalists Marco Travaglio (interviewed by Daniele Luttazzi in his show ''Satyricon'')
Berlusconi bankruptcy risks and legal investigation before entering politics: ''Mani pulite. La vera storia. Da Mario Chiesa a Silvio Berlusconi'' (Gianni Barbacetto, Peter Gomez and Marco Travaglio, 2002, Editori Riuniti, ISBN 88-359-5241-7)
''L'amico degli amici.'' (Marco Travaglio and Peter Gomez, 2005, RCS MediaGroup, ISBN 88-17-00707-2)
Gustau Navarro i Barba ''Bagasses, lladres i ministres al país de Berlusconi'' Edicions dels A.L.I.LL, Mataró, 2009. ISBN 978-84-613-6192-2

Notes

Documentaries

[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0415710/ "Citizen Berlusconi - The Prime Minister and the Press", 2003
''Viva Zapatero!'', directed by Sabina Guzzanti, 2005
, documentary film directed by Beppe Cremagnani e Enrico Deaglio, 2005.

Feature films

''Draquila - L'Italia che trema'' (directed by Sabina Guzzanti, Cannes Film Festival, 2010)
''Videocracy'' (directed by Erik Gandini, 2009)
"Bye Bye Berlusconi!/Buonanotte Topolino"
''Il Caimano'' (directed by Nanni Moretti, 2006)
''Shooting Silvio'' (directed by Berardo Carboni)
''Citizen Berlusconi'' (directed by Andrea Cairola and Susan Gray)

Further reading

"The Thing Berluscony, by Nobel Prize Winner José Saramago, El País, 7 June 2009, Retrieved 7 June 2009
"Italy immunity law provokes fury", BBC news, 25 June 2003, Retrieved 24 December 2004
"Berlusconi in EU 'Nazi' slur", BBC news, 2 July 2003, Retrieved 24 December 2004
"Berlusconi accused of Mafia links", BBC news, 8 January 2003, Retrieved 22 January 2005
"Italy's left attacks Berlusconi", BBC news, 11 December 2004, Retrieved 22 January 2005
"Berlusconi plans to get off the hook", The Observer, 7 October 2001, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Italian Senate passes disputed bill", BBC News, 2 August 2002, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Berlusconi scores double victory", BBC News, 5 November 2002, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Berlusconi ally jailed for bribery", BBC News, 29 April 2003, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Berlusconi ally partially cleared", BBC News, 22 November 2003, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Berlusconi warns 'subversive' judges", BBC News, 8 August 2003, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Berlusconi stuns Italian judges", BBC News, 5 September 2003, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Italian judges fight reforms", BBC News, 20 June 2002, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Italian magistrates go on strike", BBC News, 25 May 2004, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Italian president blocks reforms", BBC News, 16 December 2004, Retrieved 1 February 2005
Q&A: "Berlusconi's battle with the courts", BBC News, 24 January 2002, Retrieved 1 February 2005
"Italian premier's brother wants plea bargain in corruption case", Financial Times, 22 April 2002, Retrieved 1 February 2005, reported on the ''la Margherita'' (the Daisy) opposition party website.
"New storm over Berlusconi remarks", BBC News, 11 September 2003, Retrieved 2 February 2005
"Jewish communities split over Berlusconi", BBC News, 26 September 2003, Retrieved 2 February 2005
"Berlusconi's life [chronology", paper spread 2 July 2003 among the European parliamentarians by member Gianni Vattimo, written by journalists Marco Travaglio and Peter Gomez.
"Berlusconi and his mysteries" paper spread 2 July 2003 among the European parliamentarians by member Gianni Vattimo, written by journalists Marco Travaglio and Peter Gomez.
New York Times journalist Nick Tosches interviewes with Michele Sindona, while imprisoned in the United States:
* ''Power On Earth'', 1986, Arbor House Pub Co, USA, ISBN 0-87795-796-7
Alexander Stille, "Girls! Girls! Girls! The P.M.'s sex follies" ''The New Yorker'' 84/35, 3 November 2008 : 70-76

External links

ACMilan.it, AC Milan official website
Profile: Silvio Berlusconi, BBC
Forza Italia, Berlusconi's political movement; click on ''International'' for an English version.
A popular paper spread among the members of the European Parliament about Berlusconi's life chronology, mysteries and trials. By Marco Travaglio and Peter Gomez.
A chronology of Berlusconi's life from Ketupa.net
Berlusconi cuts stake in television company, IFEX
Forbes.com: Forbes World's Richest People
BBC News Europe: Berlusconi in his own words
- RussiaToday
- Progetto Politica: le 10 domande di Repubblica a Berlusconi
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Template group

title = Silvio Berlusconi
titlestyle = Politics of Italy.htm">Italian politician, entrepreneur, and media proprietor
DATE OF BIRTH= 29 September 1936
PLACE OF BIRTH= Milan, Italy
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=